The milky's Black Hole

The Milky Way

Three orbiting X-ray space telescopes have detected an increased in the  rate of X-ray flares from the usually quiet giant black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy after new long-term monitoring. Researchers are trying to learn whether this is normal behavior that was unnoticed due to limited monitoring or these flares are triggered by the recent close passage of a mysterious dusty object.


By combining information from long monitoring campaigns by NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton, with observations by the Swift satellite, astronomers were able to carefully trace the activity of the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole over the last 15 years. The supermassive black hole — Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) — weighs in at slightly more than 4 million times the mass of the Sun. X-rays are produced by hot gas flowing toward the black hole.

The new study reveals that Sagittarius A* produces one bright X-ray flare about every 10 days. However, within the past year, there has been a ten-fold increase in the rate of bright flares from Sagittarius A*, at about one every day. This increase happened soon after the close approach to Sagittarius A* by a mysterious object called G2.

“For several years, we’ve been tracking the X-ray emission from Sgr A*. This includes also the close passage of this dusty object” said Gabriele Ponti of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany. “A year or so ago, we thought it had absolutely no effect on Sagittarius A*, but our new data raise the possibility that that might not be the case.”

Originally, astronomers thought G2 was an extended cloud of gas and dust. However, after passing close to Sagittarius A* in late 2013, its appearance did not change much, apart from being slightly stretched by the gravity of the black hole. This led to new theories that G2 was not simply a gas cloud, but instead a star swathed in an extended dusty cocoon.

“There isn’t universal agreement on what G2 is,” said Mark Morris of the University of California in Los Angeles. “However, the fact that Sgr A* became more active not long after G2 passed by suggests that the matter coming off of G2 might have caused an increase in the black hole’s feeding rate.”

While the timing of G2’s passage with the surge in X-rays from Sgr A* is intriguing, astronomers see other black holes that seem to behave like Sgr A*. Therefore, it’s possible this increased chatter from Sgr A* may be a common trait among black holes and unrelated to G2. For example, the increased X-ray activity could be due to a change in the strength of winds from nearby massive stars that are feeding material to the black hole.

“It’s too soon to say for sure, but we will be keeping X-ray eyes on Sgr A* in the coming months,” said Barbara De Marco of Max Planck. “Hopefully, new observations will tell us whether G2 is responsible for the changed behavior or if the new flaring is just part of how the black hole behaves.”

The analysis included 150 Chandra and XMM-Newton observations pointed at the center of the Milky Way over the last 15 years, extending from September 1999 to November 2014. An increase in the rate and brightness of bright flares from Sgr A* occurred after mid-2014, several months after the closest approach of G2 to the huge black hole.

Reposted by: Aviral Srivastava

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THE ELIMINATOR

A close encounter with the biggest planet of our solar system i.e. Jupiter,may have led to ejection of the fifth gas giant.

A gas giant

The existence of a fifth giant planet at the time of the Solar System’s formation of Solar System– in addition to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – was.

But if it did exist, how did it get pushed out? For years, astronomers have suspected the ouster was either Jupiter or Saturn.

“Our evidence points to Jupiter,” said team member Ryan Cloutier, of the University of Toronto.

But, earlier studies which proposed that gas giants could possibly eject one another did not consider the effect such violent encounters would have on minor bodies, such as the known moons of the giant planets, and their orbits.

So the team of astronomers tuned their attention on moons and orbits,making computer animations based on modern day trajectories of Callisto and Galileo ,  the regular moons orbiting around Jupiter and Saturn respectively.

The team  measured the likelihood of each one producing its current orbit in the event that its host planet was responsible for ejecting the hypothetical ice giant planet, an incident which would have caused significant disturbance to each moon’s original orbit.

“ We compute the likelihood of reconciling a regular Jovian satellite orbit with the current orbit of Callisto following an ice giant ejection by Jupiter of 42 percent and conclude that such a large likelihood supports the hypothesis of a fifth giant planet’s existence,” Cloutier and co-authors wrote in their paper in the Astrophysical Journal (arXiv.org preprint).

“A similar calculation for Iapetus reveals that it is much more difficult for Saturn to have ejected an ice giant and reconcile a Romanian satellite orbit with that of Iapetus (likelihood around 1 percent), although uncertainties regarding the formation of Iapetus, on its unusual orbit, complicates the interpretation of this result.”

Reposted by: Aviral Srivastava 

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